HBCU, university rankings and exclusions
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The first relates to what many believe to be the flawed methodology used to create the popular US News & World Report annual university rankings (the most recent version was released this month). doing. The second part describes how one of the tools used by US News (called the Carnegie Classification, a framework for classifying institutions of higher education) has changed so that institutions can better understand the social and economic impact of their students. It explains how much it impacts your chances of success.
In the commentary below, we take a closer look at the origins of college rankings and how historically black colleges have operated. It was written by Ethan Rhys, Assistant Professor of Higher Education Administration at the University of Nevada, Reno, and former Fellow of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Academy of Education. He is the author of the new book Other People’s Colleges: The Origins of American Higher Education Reform.
US News’ “Best Colleges” ranking dropped in a big way this month. Even those of us who find the whole spectacle terrible can’t help but take a peek at who came out on top this year, and of course where Alma Mater ended up. But for rankings: Quantitative data give a veneer of objectivity, but they are highly subjective. Before running the numbers, the ranker has to decide which metric means “quality”. These decisions affect the horse races at the top of the list, but they also determine who makes the list.
So I’m more interested in where historically black colleges and universities ended up than whether or not Princeton University came out on top again this year. I would like to see where land grant agencies rank, religious colleges, and colleges focused on training future teachers. Let me give you a hint. It’s a long way from the top.
The point of such rankings is to codify what quality is in American higher education. US News did not invent this game. As I explain in my new book, it dates back to 1906. That year, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Education, an institution dedicated to higher education reform, published an annual “acceptance list” of quality colleges and universities. eligible for that subsidy. When it did, the Foundation established a blatant pattern of exclusion that still stands with us in modern rankings.
No public institution was among the 52 on the original Carnegie Accredited List. In the new US News list, you’ll have to scroll down to the 20th spot to find your first public university. In this country, 73% of university students attend public institutions. In fact, only 12 public universities are included in the top 40, half of which are campuses of the University of California System.
There were no public universities on the 1906 list, so there were no true land grant agencies. New U.S. News rankings don’t show an independent land-grant school (i.e., a university that isn’t a state flagship university) until Purdue is his 51st. prohibited from including them. This policy resulted in dozens of schools dropping religious affiliation over the next decade. This is partly why there are so few religious elite schools today (with the notable exception of a handful of Catholic institutions).
Things get even tougher in institutions that serve minorities. No school had a significant number of black students on the 1906 list. This trend continued until 1921 when Fisk College entered the rankings. 89.
For other HBCUs, you should refer to a separate list of “liberal arts colleges”. On this list, it ranks alongside schools with a significant decline in national importance. Spellman is 51st (tied with Principia College with 322 students), Morehouse is 124th (tied with Randolph College with 482 students), and Fisk and Tugaloo are 151st, just behind Lookout’s Covenant University. lagging behind. Mountain, Georgia. Of 487 Hispanic institutions nationwide, only one, her non-UC school (Rutgers), appears in the top 100 colleges list.
It is all too easy to look at this historical continuity and attribute it to a persistent lack of quality in certain types of colleges and universities. Historical exclusion based on blatant prejudice and elitism is directly related to the low status of the vast spectrum of American higher education today.
We long ago determined what we considered quality, especially wealth and whiteness, so don’t be surprised that little has changed. I am not letting you. They were instigated by his 1911 elitist ranking of institutions by the Federal Office of Education. Decades of refusal by local accrediting bodies to accredit institutions that serve minorities. The inability of lower-status institutions to access large post-World War II federal subsidies. and the revised Carnegie Classification Rankings, which appeared in the early 1970s and still help guide US News’ ratings today.
Now, leaders at the Carnegie Foundation and the American Council on Education say they are working together to revamp the classification. Their new system will assess universities on a scale far beyond the research and graduate teaching that drives much of the classification today. They intend to reward schools for virtuous work, including “increased access to college, retention and graduation of students, assistance with employment and debt management.”
It’s refreshing to see the promise of a new direction by the foundation that started our obsession with national university rankings. At the heart of that reform, Carnegie will soon announce a new “Social and Economic Liquidity Classification.” Surely this lens only reinforces rather than replaces traditional metrics, does it change anything about the status hierarchies that have fascinated us for over a century?
Additionally, other groups are already pushing for alternative ranking systems. Most often, it measures something like “financial liquidity,” which limits the purpose of a university to increasing annual income. They also deliberately skewed the data to downgrade elite schools, with low-income students favoring California State University at Dominguez Hills (2nd on Third Way’s Economic Liquidity Index) over Princeton University (426th). It gives the impression that it is much better to commute.
I can’t imagine US News using these new frameworks to significantly shake up the Top 100 list. Let’s be honest, even for the metrics Carnegie is beginning to recognize (keeping students, graduating debt-free, and getting good jobs), Princeton will still win.
Ranking is rooted in exclusion. For every winner there are dozens of losers. Punishing colleges and universities for serving students of color, not receiving subsidies, or preparing students for important but low-paying jobs such as teaching. We seek judgment as to which schools deserve to prosper and which to decline. It was openly stated by reformers who wanted the university to suffer “death of incompetence.”
Today, we are less direct, but when we make ranking lists and stick to them, we ensure that higher education in America remains a zero-sum game.
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